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FAQ: Legionnaire's Disease? |
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Written by Gary Presant, MD
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Friday, 23 October 2009 |
Legionnaire's disease is a mild to severe pneumonia. It is caused by the bacteria Legionella pneumophila. Legionnaires' disease occurs when people are exposed to water contaminated with the bacteria.
What is going on in the body?
The Legionella pneumophila bacteria enter the lungs when the person inhales contaminated water. The bacteria grow in the lungs and cause pneumonia, or lung infection. The bacteria can also cause extrapulmonary infections, or infections outside the lung. Extrapulmonary infections occur when the bacteria spread through the bloodstream or lymph system. The most common site of infection outside of the lungs is the heart.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Legionnaires' disease is caused by the Legionella pneumophila bacteria. The bacteria are found in many kinds of water supplies. The bacteria grow rapidly in water that is warm and still. Some of the most common sources of infection are as follows:
- air conditioning systems
- hot tubs, whirlpools, and spas
- hot water tanks
- institutional water supplies
- showers
Legionnaires' disease was first identified in the United States. It has been detected in several other countries. Scientists believe it occurs everywhere in the world. Following is a list of people who are at higher risk for this infection:
# individuals with chronic disease, such as diabetes
# individuals with weakened or damaged immune systems
# people who are middle-aged or older
# people with chronic lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
# those on chemotherapy
# those receiving dialysis, or blood filtering for kidney disease
# those who smoke cigarettes
The infection can occur at any time, but it is most common in the summer and early fall. It is more common in humid areas of the U.S. It is less common in the arid West.
What are the treatments for the infection?
Legionnaires' disease is treated with antibiotics, such as erythromycin. A stronger medication, rifampin, may be used in severe cases.
What are the side effects of the treatments?
Antibiotics may cause stomach upset, rash, and allergic reactions. Rifampin turns the person's urine and other body secretions an orange color.
What happens after treatment for the infection?
Legionnaires' disease can be persistent. It can last for several weeks to several months, if not treated. After treatment, individuals should be aware that relapses can occur.
How is the infection monitored?
The individual may have regular visits with the healthcare provider until he or she is completely recovered. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the provider.
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